

|
 |
 |
Select from the questions listed below:
If you have a question that is not listed here, please email us and we will answer it as soon as possible. Thank you for your interest.
 |
Question: |
Can I get on a waiting list for a Manx kitten or retired Manx? |
| |
Answer: |
We have 1 to 4 Manx litters per year. But we have three partners in other States that we recommend having wonderful Manx also. We will announce the Manx litter on our website telling about the new arrivals.
We also offer our MewsLetter service that will send you an email announcing new arrivals.
I have noticed that sometimes I will get a blank notice for subscribing to the MewsLetter....there is no way for me to track that person to tell them it was blank....so if you subscribe and do not get a confirmation email....repeat the process, we would hate to miss you!
I sometimes have phone service interruption & prefer you to contact me with emails. That way, you are in my system & we can exchange information.
If you are a fancier of the Manx and want to know about our Manx, email us with your ideas. We can get to know one another with emails, phone calls, & photos. We encourage you to visit our home & see the Manx we have. If you want to have us "hold" a certain Manx kitten for you until it is ready to leave its mom, we can accept a deposit to hold that Manx kitten.
Your deposit can be transferred to another kitten if we agree that a different kitten would be better for you [or a kitten decides for you].
If you do not live on the West coast and hesitate to fly-in for one of our Manx kittens, I can recommend Manx breeders in other states, I trust, to help you find your Manx.
|
 |
 |
Question: |
Can you tell if this Breeder is reputable? |
| |
Answer: |
How do you know if the breeder you have contacted is a person of integrity committed to bettering the Manx breed? Following are a few guidelines to help you make that determination.
A reputable breeder requires that pet-quality animals be spayed or neutered before they go to their new homes. Be very wary of breeders who do not mention altering.
A reputable breeder requires a contract, these can vary, but spells out the rights of both the seller and buyer, health information, altering and buy-back/return policy.
A reputable breeder shows a great interest in, love for and knowledge about the breed. He or she cares about placing their kittens in good homes and will interview potential buyers thoroughly, ask for references and refuse to sell a kitten if necessary. Be wary of a breeder that is eager to get rid of their kittens.
A reputable breeder is actively involved in the cat fancy, including showing or breed clubs. A person who is not involved with others in the breed can be suspect.
A reputable breeder guarantees a kitten's general health for a certain period of time. While no one can guarantee against inheritable diseases, a reputable breeder is well-informed about genetic problems in their breed and bloodlines, routinely has cats/kittens tested for problems and passes this information along to buyers. Beware of breeders who scoff at genetic testing and say their particular breed/line is problem-free.
The environment, (raised "underfoot" in the home) in which the Manx are kept should be clean and well-maintained. TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS ON THIS!
A reputable breeder is willing to provide answers to questions you may have and is willing to provide names of others who have their Manx.
A reputable breeder will allow you to meet the kitten's parents if available and, if the father isn't available, be willing to show pictures.
A reputable breeder follows up on placements. He or she is interested in how the Manx develop physically and mentally, difficulties in the owner/cat relationship and health problems.
A reputable breeder rarely has more than one or two litters a year.
- A Reputable Breeder
- NEVER Sells to a Pet Shop
- NEVER Offers Manx For Auction
- NEVER Sells at Flea Markets
|
 |
 |
Question: |
Do You Understand Declawing (Onychectomy) ? |
| |
Answer: |
please just take a few minutes to research what de-clawing actually involves.
It isn't just a case of pulling the claws out - which would be painful and distressing enough. A cat's claw is closely adhered to the bone, and to remove the claw, the last joint in your cat's toes also has to be removed - it's basically an amputation of the end of each toe.
It's very painful surgery and has a long painful recovery period.
The Cat’s Claws
Unlike most mammals who walk on the soles of the paws or feet, cats are digitigrade, which means they walk on their toes. Their back, shoulder, paw and leg joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves are naturally designed to support and distribute the cat's weight across its toes as it walks, runs and climbs. A cat's claws are used for balance, for exercising, and for stretching the muscles in their legs, back, shoulders, and paws. They stretch these muscles by digging their claws into a surface and pulling back against their own clawhold - similar to isometric exercising for humans. This is the only way a cat can exercise, stretch and tone the muscles of its back and shoulders. The toes help the foot meet the ground at a precise angle to keep the leg, shoulder and back muscles and joints in proper alignment. Removal of the last digits of the toes drastically alters the conformation of their feet and causes the feet to meet the ground at an unnatural angle that can cause back pain similar to that in humans caused by wearing improper shoes.
Understanding Declawing (Onychectomy)
The anatomy of the feline claw must be understood before one can appreciate the severity of declawing. The cat's claw is not a nail as is a human fingernail, it is part of the last bone (distal phalanx) in the cat's toe. The cat’s claw arises from the unguicular crest and unguicular process in the distal phalanx of the paw (see above diagram). Most of the germinal cells that produce the claw are situated in the dorsal aspect of the ungual crest. This region must be removed completely, or regrowth of a vestigial claw and abcessation results. The only way to be sure all of the germinal cells are removed is to amputate the entire distal phalanx at the joint.
Contrary to most people's understanding, declawing consists of amputating not just the claws, but the whole phalanx (up to the joint), including bones, ligaments, and tendons! To remove the claw, the bone, nerve, joint capsule, collateral ligaments, and the extensor and flexor tendons must all be amputated. Thus declawing is not a “simple”, single surgery but 10 separate, painful amputations of the third phalanx up to the last joint of each toe. A graphic comparison in human terms would be the cutting off of a person's finger at the last joint of each finger.
Many vets and clinic staff deliberately misinform and mislead clients into believing that declawing removes only the claws in the hopes that clients are left with the impression that the procedure is a "minor" surgery comparable to spay/neuter procedures and certainly doesn't involve amputation (partial or complete) of the terminal-toe bone, ligaments and tendons. Some vets rationalize the above description by saying that since the claw and the third phalanx (terminal toe bone) are so firmly connected, they simply use the expression "the claw" to make it simpler for clients to "understand". Other vets are somewhat more honest and state that if they used the word "amputation", most clients would not have the surgery performed! Onychectomy in the clinical definition involves either the partial or total amputation of the terminal bone. That is the only method. What differs from vet to vet is the type of cutting tool used (guillotine-type cutter, scalpel or laser).
Onychectomy (Declawing) Surgery
The below is a clinical description of the the declawing surgery taken from a leading veterinary surgical textbbook. Contrary to
misleading information, declawing is not a "minor" surgery comparable to spaying and neutering procedures, it is 10, seperate, painful amputations of the distal phalanx at the joint (disjointing).
"The claw is extended by pushing up under the footpad or by grasping it with Allis tissue forceps. A scalpel blade is used to
sharply dissect between the second and third phalanx over the top of the ungual crest . The distal interphalangeal joint is
disarticulated (disjointed), and the deep digital flexor tendon is incised (severed). The digital footpad, is not incised. If a nail
trimmer is used, the ring of the instrument is placed in the groove between the second phalanx and the ungual crest. The blade
is positioned just in front of the footpad. The blade is pushed through the soft tissues over the flexor process. With the ring of
the nail trimmer in position behind the ungual crest, the blade is released just slightly so that traction applied to the claw causes
the flexor process to slip out and above the blade. At this point, the flexor tendon can be incised and disarticulation of the joint
(disjointing) completed. Both techniques effectively remove the entire third phalanx." (Excerpted from: Slatter D; Textbook of Small Animal Surgery 2nd ed vol I, p.352 W.B. Saunders Company Philadelphia.)
Complications
Declawing is not without complication. The rate of complication is relatively high compared with other so-called routine procedures. Complications of this amputation can be excruciating pain, damage to the radial nerve, hemorrhage, bone chips that prevent healing, painful regrowth of deformed claw inside of the paw which is not visible to the eye, and chronic back and joint pain as shoulder, leg and back muscles weaken.
Other complications include postoperative hemorrhage, either immediate or following bandage removal is a fairly frequent occurrence, paw ischemia, lameness due to wound infection or footpad laceration, exposure necrosis of the second phalanx, and abscess associated with retention of portions of the third phalanx. Abscess due to regrowth must be treated by surgical removal of the remnant of the third phalanx and wound debridement. During amputation of the distal phalanx, the bone may shatter and cause what is called a sequestrum, which serves as a focus for infection, causing continuous drainage from the toe. This necessitates a second anesthesia and surgery. Abnormal growth of severed nerve ends can also occur, causing long-term, painful sensations in the toes. Infection will occasionally occur when all precautions have been taken.
"Declawing is actually an amputation of the last joint of your cat's "toes". When you envision that, it becomes clear why declawing is not a humane act. It is a painful surgery, with a painful recovery period. And remember that during the time of recuperation from the surgery your cat would still have to use its feet to walk, jump, and scratch in its litter box regardless of the pain it is experiencing."
Christianne Schelling, DVM
"General anesthesia is used for this surgery, which always has a certain degree of risk of disability or death associated with it. Because declawing provides no medical benefits to cats, even slight risk can be considered unacceptable. In addition, the recovery from declawing can be painful and lengthy and may involve postoperative complications such as infections, hemorrhage, and nail regrowth. The latter may subject the cat to additional surgery." The Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights (AVAR)
Two recent studies published in peer-reviewed veterinary journals (Vet Surg 1994 Jul-Aug;23(4):274-80) concluded “Fifty percent of the cats had one or more complications immediately after surgery.... 19.8% developed complications after release.” Another study (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998 Aug 1;213(3):370-3) comparing the complications of declawing with Tenectomy concluded “Owners should be aware of the high complication rate for both procedures." Many cats also suffer a loss of balance because they can no longer achieve a secure foothold on their amputated stumps.
diagram:
|
 |
 |
Question: |
Is it true that Manx can live to be 15 years or more? |
| |
Answer: |
Manx is a feline breed that develops slowly and lives long - often fifteen years & sometimes to twenty or more years. We suggest that you make proper arrangements for your Manx in the event something should happen to you and you become unable to care for them - a Living Will is one option.
"He is your solace, your partner, your spiritual guide
You are his life, his love, his everything.
Through many lifetimes,
He will always be yours, always faithful, always true,
beyond the last beat of his heart.
You owe it to him, to be worthy of such devotion."
~Author Unknown [modified]~
|
 |
 |
Question: |
Is it true that some Manx may have physical problems? |
| |
Answer: |
- In general, Manx are healthy & robust.
- There are some Manx Myths and Legends that have been passed around, written down, even published that have been accepted as fact. It is up to every Manx fancier to “do the work” to educate themselves about the TRUTH. For more information see our Myths and Legends section.
- When choosing your Manx, make sure you visit the home or cattery to examine the Manx in their environment. You want to find that the adults & kittens are kept in clean & healthy surroundings. It is mandatory that the cats & kittens have clean clear eyes, noses, ears & butts. They must be walking, jumping & running with all four legs moving normally. They should have glossy coats without signs of flea dirt. You are looking for a healthy, happy, & very athletic kitten. Do not accept excuses for anything less. Never rescue a “poor” kitten.
|
 |
 |
Question: |
Is there a difference between Pet Manx & Show Manx? |
| |
Answer: |
A Show Manx must be a great example of the Manx Standard. It must express all the unique qualities of Manx. There are many reasons a Show quality Manx might never be shown. Perhaps the Show quality Manx has a tail; it can’t be shown but will make a “Grand” pet. Maybe the Show quality Manx owners have no desire to spend their weekends showing, but want a beautiful Manx to enhance their lives.
All of ZNoTailz kittens are valued the same, no matter their future adventures. ZNoTailz wouldn't offer a kitten that wasn't a happy, healthy robust example of Manx whether it is going to be shown to Grand awards or taken as a "Grand-Family-Member" to fill a home with love & laughter.
We have been blessed to know accomplished Manx breeders who share their very best Manx with us. We have committed ourselves to learning from them and to continue the preservation & promotion of the finest Purebred Registered Manx.
|
 |
 |
Question: |
Looking for someone interested in Showing & Breeding Manx? |
| |
Answer: |
If you are interested in possibly showing a Manx, the best place to start is by contacting a breeder in your area and discussing your interests. Frequently, breeders will have a show quality altered Manx that would be perfect for someone interested in showing. Ask questions. Visit a cat show. Contact CFA for a mentor. Cat shows are the place to make new friends, learn more about your breed and show off your cats.
And just for you, CFA has designed a web site & yahoogroups mail list & Blog that has everything you ever wanted to know about showing your cat. here is the website:
Showing cats isn't just a hobby - it's a mindset and (often) a way of life. Having a positive show experience doesn't just happen; it takes thought, planning, and a lot of consideration. Maintaining a balanced and positve outlook and doing your homework will go a long way in keeping the showhall a fun place to be.
Finally, CFA also created a YahooGroup mail list just for "NewBees" - a place where they can ask questions that haven't been covered here and have them answered by experienced showhands.
Showing sometimes leads Manx enthusiasts to become interested in breeding Manx. If you think you want to breed Manx so you can make money from the kitten sales, forget it – this is an expensive hobby that requires sponsorship, commitment & passion. Often breeders will suggest that you jump-start your education about the breed by showing an altered Manx. For the breeder, showing Manx is a big part of breeding them. It is in the show ring where you get the feedback on how you are progressing. It is in the show hall that you make the friends that will help you and encourage you along the way.
Reputable breeders are dedicated to the protection of the Manx breed. They are very diligent when allowing any of their Manx to be sold for breeding, which is always in Partnership and with a contract. When they consider selling you a Manx, it is a sign that you have gained their respect. Please remember that you are not dealing with just one person. You are dealing with the many who came before them and who carefully bred and protected the breed. Find a breeder you like. Earn their trust and trust their judgments. Educate yourself about the many aspects of the Manx. You’ll discover that just when you think you know it all, you will learn something new.
|
 |
 |
Question: |
What are you requiring in a contract or agreement? |
| |
Answer: |
Yes, we do have an agreement that can be customized to the wishes of the seller & buyer.
The goal is to set down an agreement in writing that states the expectations & assurances of both parties in the interests of the cat or kitten.
We are so proud of our Manx and want them to have full, happy & healthy lives with someone who will make a full commitment to them.
|
 |
 |
Question: |
What characteristics make the Manx a Manx? |
| |
Answer: |
The Manx breed is unique; they are stocky, round shaped cats with a plush double coat; they have big bones, a wide frame and round paws; their faces are round, as are their whisker pads, and their ears are round tipped and set wide on their head; they may have a shortened tail. They come in all color combinations except Color Point which is not found in the original Isle of Man Manx.
("special thanks to Iris Anne Hirsch,
for sharing Kalei's picture.'')
All purebred Manx ARE Manx regardless of their tail status. In any one litter you may find kittens with or without tails.
Manx can fall into any one of the following categories:
- rumpys - No tail naturally
- rumpy risers - Only one vertebra [either movable or stationary]
- stubbies - Short tail naturally.
- tailed - Full tail.
- docked - docked – tails shortened to one or two vertebra
We use all of these Manx in our breeding as long as their health & conformation reflect the Manx Standard. However, the Show Manx are naturally tailless, or have a natural riser that does not impede the judge's hand as s/he runs it over the length of the cat.
We feel that the tail, or lack of, is the least important characteristic of the Manx. The best characteristics are often reminders of a "puppy" because Manx are loyal to their family [sometimes picking their favorite member] & their tremendous love of play.
Our Manx will look for ways to get you to play with them. They will bring you gifts of their toys or untie your shoe strings to get your attention. Little girl's ponytails are meant to be a source of fun. Brown paper sacks are great places to hide while waiting for some unsuspecting ankle to pass by. There are no books or papers that you read that do not get inspected by their curious little paws. And when you sit down, your lap is their favorite place to view the world. However, it is their loud purring & "happy feet” that will replace your stress with bliss.
Other traits that delight us about Manx:
- Most of them like water and some even swim
- Most will learn their name and come when called
- Learning to fetch comes quickly to most Manx
- They always know when it is breakfast & dinner time <grin>
MANX CAPERS
Now you see them, now you don't,
First they will & then they won't,
You see them racing up the stair,
Climb the cat tree, fly thru the air,
...Tear a Tuffy-mouse to bits,
Act like they are having fits.
Hide in places you can't find,
Make you think you'll lose your mind,
Sit in the middle of your papers,
Then carry on their Manxie capers~!
by Marjan Swantek
[from the 1995-1996 Manx Yearbook & Directory]
|
 |
 |
Question: |
What is a "Retired Manx"? |
| |
Answer: |
Several of my associated Manx breeders & myself will have Manx that have either been a Show Manx or have been in our breeding program. We know that there will come a time for these Manx to be retired; when that time comes, they deserve their very own special person to love & care for them, to live out their days in luxury and comfort which is only befitting of such sweet personalities! We try to stay in touch with every cat we retire as it comforts us to know they are happy and enjoying their time with their new owners....lucky for us that so far they have all found fantastic retirement homes with owners who adore and pamper them!
We are committed to finding the right homes for our retirees, so we discount these beauties to their new owners. For just the cost of the altering & vetting & transportation, you may find the love of your life.
- OVER THE YEARS, THIRTEEN RETIRED, ALTERED, MANX HAVE FOUND WONDERFUL NEW HOMES:
|
 |
 |
Question: |
What is a Purebred Pedigreed Registered Manx? |
| |
Answer: |
The Manx breed is one of the oldest of the original feline breeds recorded; there is mention of them in writings from the early 1500's. We can document the ancestry of our current day Manx back to the Isle of Man, an Island off the coast of Great Britain & Ireland.
There have been many Manx breeders who, down through the years, have kept records of breeding only Manx to Manx; that is what we refer to as "Purebred Manx”.
The documentation of this pure breeding is the "Pedigree" which lists the generations of ancestors. There are several Feline Breed Organizations/Registries that accept the pedigree of the purebred Manx to be "Registered" with them. And it is possible to have a Pedigreed Manx that is registered with all the Registries.
ZNoTailz "Registers" our Purebred Pedigreed Manx with the Cat Fanciers Association [CFA], which is the most comprehensive & largest Feline Registry in the world.
Other Associations of Acceptance:
American Association of Cat Enthusiasts (AACE)
American Cat Association (ACA)
American Cat Fancier's Association (ACFA)
Canadian Cat Association (CCA)
Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA)
Cat Fanciers' Federation (CFF)
The International Cat Association (TICA)
United Feline Organization (UFO)
|
 |
 |
Question: |
Where are you located; do you ship Manx kittens? |
| |
Answer: |
ZNoTailz splits the seasons between our home in CA & the family ranch in Oregon....We love spending most of the year on the Central Coast of California, midway between San Francisco & Los Angeles. We encourage Manx fanciers to come visit us, to see our wonderful Manx anytime & especially when it is time to pick up your ZNoTailz Manx.
It is a beautiful weekend drive up Hwy 101 to San Luis Obispo County from either the North or the South.
In the Springtime there are abundant wildflowers in the fields around the county:
In the fall there is the grape harvest in the fields around the wineries:
Regarding delivery, when the kittens are ready to leave their moms, there is the possibility that we could arrange to meet you at one of our shows to deliver your Manx to you; that way you can see ZNoTailz Show Manx in action when you pick up your Manx.
If you are located at a great distance, we suggest that you find a "special" airfare for yourself; it will only cost a bit more for the cat's fare. Fly out to visit us when your Manx is ready to leave for its new home. We have a guest room & can provide transportation to & from our airport. You can take your new Manx home in a carrier placed in the cabin with you for the safety & comfort of your new baby.
...........................................................................................
|
 |
 |
Question: |
You can be prepared for a poison emergency! |
| |
Answer: |
How can I be prepared for a poison emergency?
• Call your poison center at 1-800-222-1222. The poison center can send you telephone stickers or magnets with the emergency phone number. Post that number on or near your telephones.
• If you have a poisoning emergency call 1-800-222-1222.
Here is the web site:
Also here is the number for ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center 1-888-426-4435.
And for more information:
|
 |
 |
Question: |
ZNoTailz Manx can help you to Rehome or Rescue a Manx. |
| |
Answer: |
Occasionally we hear about a Manx that needs help finding a new home. We work with the CFA Purebred Rescue Group to find them new homes.
Sometimes they are neither Registered nor Purebred Manx.
And sometimes they are not Manx at all.
The incomplete dominant gene that shortens the tail can be found in feral colonies & randomly bred domestic cats. These are erroneously called “manx" because the tail is short or missing, but are “domestic tailless cats.”
There are Veterinarians & Shelter Staff that place "designer labels" on cats -to make them more desirable to the public looking for their new buddy. Hence, if they find a cat without a tail, they call it a manx. This happens with other breeds as well. For example, large, long haired cats are often, but erroneously, labeled "Main Coon" while cats that have color points are often, and again erroneously, labeled "Siamese.”
As far as this goes, I am in favor of every healthy cat getting a new start on life in a kind, caring, loving home [whatever their "fancy-labeling"].
SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO FIND A HOME FOR THE PET:
IF YOU ARE AN OWNER LOOKING TO REHOME YOUR CAT
NOTE: Please do NOT turn to Shelter or Rescue for a "quick fix" for your cat unless there is absolutely no other choice.
If you bought your cat from a breeder, contact them to ask if they will take the cat back or help you rehome the cat. Sometimes they have a waiting list for their breed.
BASIC SUGGESTIONS FOR PLACING YOUR CAT:
- S/N [alter] your pet if not already spayed or neutered.
- Make sure your pet is up to date on vaccinations
- Wash and groom your pet before taking pictures or showing your pet to potential adopters
- In addition to your cat's record, you may also want to provide addresses of your cat's usual groomer, veterinarian and a picture of your cat.
Prepare a record of your pet including:
- veterinary history,
- favorite treat,
- what food the cat is used to eating,
- what litter the cat is used to using and
- what sort of litterbox.
PREPARING FLYERS:
You can make a flyer here:.
- Describe the appearance, size, and age of the animal.
- Describe his/her nature and appealing qualities.
- Include the pet's name
- State that the pet is spayed or neutered.
- Define any limitations, e.g.
- not good with cats/small children/ other dogs/other cats.
- Use a good photograph. Color is best. Copy places like Kinko's can help with these.
- Be sure to put in your phone number, and time you can be reached.
ADVERTISING YOUR PET:
- Advertise your cat and charge a nominal fee (do not offer for free as it attracts undersirable interest from those who may not value your pet
- Make flyers which display your cat's photo and put your contact information on it. *Ask your vet to post it in his/her office.
- Put them up at work.
- Ask to post them at the local pet stores and food markets.
- Post them at your church.
- Post them on community bulletin boards.
- Give them to your friends and family and ask that they post them where ever they can.
- Post them at the local grooming establishments.
- Put an ad in your local newspaper - charge a minimal fee to discourage those who would sell to research laboratories
SCREEN ALL POTENTIAL OWNERS:
- Ask about their experience grooming a Longhair and clipping nails.
- Ask how much time they are at home and what arrangements they make for a pet when they are away or ill.
- Ask if they have ever declawed a cat.
- Ask if they ever allow their cats outside.
- Ask to for their permission to speak directly to their vet about their history with animals,
- including how up to date the animals are on vaccines,
- how diligent they are about maintenance issues like teeth cleaning, and
- under what conditions they have euthanized pets, if ever.
- Ask if they have ever brought an animal to a shelter to relinquish the cat.
- Find out what other animals they have and have had and what experience they have with grooming.
- Find out if any people in the household have allergies.
- Ask if they will allow you to visit their home before you place the cat there.
- Ask if they have arrangements in place for someone to care for the cat should they become ill, are hospitalized, or die.
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
 |
|
We would like to help clarify that Manx are no different from other feline & canine breeds that might be afflicted with one or more of the many Syndromes/Conditions diagnosed.
There are very few syndromes/conditions that are EXCLUSIVE to one breed.
It is unscientific to attach one breed [such as Manx] to any single syndrome/condition.
The term: "Manx Syndrome" is a harmful label that has no basis in fact & needs to be "stamped out" because it unfairly detracts from a wonderful, sturdy, healthy breed of cat.
|
The following article was written by twenty-five year Manx breeder Sherman Ross, BS Eng.Phy., MS Ed, Ex-President, American Manx Club, technical consultant to Karen Commings for Manx Cats: (Complete Pet Owners Manual), (Barons, 1999) and Joanne Mattern for The Manx Cat, (Capstone Press, 2003)
|
Manx Syndrome: The Myths and the Truth
Manx Syndrome is a subject of great concern to all lovers of the Manx breed. It is fraught with emotion, steeped in misinformation, and perpetuated by the ignorant. Perhaps some light can be shed on this subject by comparing some of the myths of Manx Syndrome to the actual truth.
| The Myth: |
Manx Syndrome is any of several birth defects related to the Manx gene and afflicting the Manx breed. |
| The Truth: |
There is no common definition of what Manx Syndrome is. All of the conditions commonly called Manx Syndrome occur in other breeds of cat and other species of animals. Therefore these conditions cannot be linked to the Manx gene. |
|
| The Myth: |
Manx have shorter backs than other cats because they have fewer vertebrae. This leads to severe neurological problems. |
| The Truth: |
The Manx gene does not impact the spine above the pelvis. The gene causes the cat to have fewer caudal vertebrae causing a shorter tail. Manx have the same number of vertebrae in the upper spine as any other cat. |
|
| The Myth: |
Spina Bifida is a Manx condition. |
| The Truth: |
Spina Bifida is a condition found in all animal species that have spines. It is caused by the neural tube that forms the spine not closing completely in the fetus. It is not related to the Manx gene. It has been shown to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In humans the environmental trigger is insufficient folic acid during pregnancy. The environmental factor in cats is not known. Some Veterinarians have bred Manx with Spina Bifida in their genes and related it as a Manx Syndrome. This is really bad science. But unfortunately, since it was published in a Veterinary Journal, many vets believe this. |
|
| The Myth: |
Urinary and fecal incontinence is a part of Manx Syndrome. It is due to insufficient nerve endings. |
| The Truth: |
Incontinence occurs in all breeds of cats; it is not related to the Manx gene. There is no diagnostic for missing nerves except extremely careful and complete autopsy. Incontinence is related to spina bifida. NOTE WELL: Not all spina bifidas are visible externally. In all probability, most cases of incontinence in the Manx are related to spina bifida. |
|
| The Myth: |
The homozygous rumpy is an automatic lethal, and is never born. |
| The Truth: |
The Manx gene for taillessness is a variable _expression gene.This type of gene is also called an incomplete dominant. The gene is always present, but always variable. It acts very much like the white spotting or bicolor gene. Homozygous rumpy is in fact a meaningless term. |
|
| The Myth: |
It is necessary to use tailed Manx in the breeding to prevent Manx Syndrome. |
| The Truth: |
This is demonstrably untrue. A good MANX breeder can point to sound healthy Manx without tails in the pedigree for six generations. A much more important consideration is the length of the upper spine. Breeding excessively for shorter bodies causes the individual vertebrae in the upper spine to be shorter. Bred to the extreme, this causes problems in any breed. |
Any treatise on the subject confined to a few paragraphs would, of necessity, be only an effort to introduce the reader to concepts and open the door to a more full exploration of possibilities with the proper authorities.
We at ZNoTailz Manx dedicated ourselves by continueing our education with the new research being developed all the time & we find reference material that gives us a more technical medical description of the genetics that MANX & MANY OTHER FELINE BREEDS & canine breeds are subject.
Congenital malformations of the sacrocaudal (sacrococcygeal) spinal cord and vertebrae have been well described in tailless cats, in which the condition is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.
This disease is also known as 'caudal dysgenesis'
The disorder is associated with varying degrees of agenesis/aplasia (absence of formation) or dysgenesis/dysplasia (defective development) of caudal lumbar, sacral and caudal (coccygeal) vertebrae, and spina bifida.
The variable expression of feline taillessness is a salient and consistent feature. Pathologically, subcutaneous cyst formation, meningocele, meningomyelocele, shortening of the spinal cord and absence of cauda equina, and myelodysplasia of the caudal lumbar, sacral, and caudal spinal cord segments including central canal defects, syringomyelia, myeloschisis (cleft within spinal cord) and abnormal gray matter differentiation have been described in affected animals.
Clinical signs in seriously affected cats may be progressive after birth, perhaps associated with progressive syringomyelia, or they may remain static in cats with a partial disability. Neurological signs include plantigrade posture, hopping gait, pelvic limb paresis/paraplegia, fecal and urinary incontinence, and perianal sensory loss.
Urodynamic studies have shown significant abnormalities of vesiculourethral function: detrusor areflexia, autonomous pressure response to bladder filling, a dysfunctional proximal urethra, and poor quality pelvic floor electromyographic activity
Catecholaminergic histochemical studies of the bladder and urethra have demonstrated complete absence of adrenergic fibers, including the trigone area.
Myelography or MRI may outline the meningocele or meningomyelocele, if present. Prognosis is guarded. There is no treatment.
Mildly affected animals may attain longevity if fecal and urinary incontinence are managed.
Sacrococcygeal dysgenesis may be seen sporadically in many breeds of cats and in dogs, the English Bulldog in particular.
|
References:
- Kitchen H, Murray RE, Cockrell BY. Animal model for human disease. Spina bifida, sacral dysgenesis and myelocele. Animal model: Manx cats. Am J Pathol 1972; 68:203-206.
- Leipold HW, Huston K, Blauch B, et al. Congenital defects on the caudal vertebral column and spinal cord in Manx cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974; 164:520-523.
- James CC, Lassman LP, Tomlinson BE. Congenital anomalies of the lower spine and spinal cord in Manx cats. J Pathol 1969; 97:269-276.
- Deforest ME, Basrur PK. Malformations and the Manx syndrome in cats. Can Vet J 1979; 20:304-314.
- Robinson R. Expressivity of the Manx gene in cats. J Hered 1993; 84:170-172. - PubMed -
- Tomlinson BE. Abnormalities of the lower spine and spinal cord in Manx cats. J Clin Pathol 1971; 24:480.
- Martin AH. A congenital defect in the spinal cord of the Manx cat. Vet Pathol 1971; 8:232-238.
- Woodside JR, Dail WG, McGuire EJ, et al. The Manx cat as an animal model for neurogenic vesical dysfunction associated with myelodysplasia: a preliminary report. J Urol 1982; 127:180-183. - PubMed -
- Dickele G, Perrot P, Audrin JF. Sacral dysgenesis in a Pekinese resembling the Manx cat anomaly. Prat Med Chir Anim 1996; 31:149-152.
- Wilson JW, Kurtz HJ, Leipold HW, et al. Spina bifida in the dog. Vet Pathol 1979; 16:165-179. - PubMed -
|
Table Of Contents
Genetics In General
How can two breeds of cats that don't look anything alike be related?
The study of genetics is the fascinating study. Passing the genetic code of the parents to the next generation through the "germ" cells is an incredibly marvelous processes in nature. Each feline breed is absolutely unique.
Long irregular threads of genetic material called chromosomes are found within the nucleus of a cell and they are arranged in pairs. Cats have 19 pairs of chromosomes; it is these 38 chromosomes which make up the unique individual "blueprint" for that animal. The chromosomes are covered with hundreds of thousands to millions of light and dark colored bands which are the actual genetic codes called genes. Each gene controls a single feature or a group of features in the makeup of an individual. Many of the genes interact with other genes! A single feature of an individual may be controlled by many different genes which makes "mapping" of the genes very difficult and for cats only a few major genes have been mapped out to date. The genetic research that is being done has enabled many breeders to improve their breeds.
A single molecule of DNA runs the entire length of each chromosome. What makes DNA very successful in genetically reproducing is the actual amino acids and the order of them within each gene. The four different amino acids that are arranged in groups of three forming a 64-letter alphabet which is used to compose "words" of varying length. Each gene controls the development of a specific characteristic of that particular feline. No feline contains the exact same blueprint of DNA and there are an infinite number of possible genes. While some genes control specific color traits other genes control the "mapping" of specific traits and how they are expressed physically in every feline.
When a cell has absorbed enough of the various amino acids and other compounds necessary to sustain itself it makes another cell by dividing which is called "mitosis". Since the genetic coding is carried in the DNA through the various combinations of the 64 letter alphabet the actual blueprint instructions for a feline may be considered to consist of two sets of 19 "map" one set from each parent and each "map" millions of words in length.
Genotype And Phenotype
Geneticists differentiate between what a cat is genetically versus what it looks like. The Mendelian patterning is the basic rule of genetics but it is important to remember that when breeding we are dealing with MORE THAN ONE GENE from each parent! The number of possible off-spring combinations is two to the power of the number of genes…there are literally hundreds of millions of genes for one cat!!
Male And Female
The 19 pairs of chromosomes within a cat that we discussed earlier are chromosomes numbered 1 through 18 plus "X" and "Y". It is the "X" and "Y" chromosome that determine the sex of the kittens. A female cat has two "X" chromosomes "XX" while the male cat has one "X" and one "Y" chromosome "XY" so if we follow the Mendelian pattern through we see that the female can only pass the "X" chromosome to her kittens so the sex of the kitten is determined by the male who can pass the "X" chromosome for a girl or the "Y" chromosome for a boy. The "X" chromosome is longer than the "Y" chromosome and this is to carry the extra instructions for females AND some other things such as the gene for orange fur! These characteristics are said to be "sex-related" and do operate differently in males and females.
Mutations
It is obvious that some genetic changes have taken place as the cat has evolved over time and these changes are called "mutations". Mutations are the very essence of a breeding program. It is through mutation which is an imperfect replication or joining of the DNA that the survival of the fittest takes place. How do we know if a mutation is good or bad? Time and nature are usually the determining factors of the "success" of a mutation. Manx are an example of a mutatant gene.
Body Conformation Genes
There are thousands of body conformation genes but only a few have been mapped and these are:
- "Scottish Fold gene": normal or folded ears. The wild allele "fd" is recessive and produces normal ears. The mutation "Fd" is dominant and produces the cap-like folded ears of the Scottish Fold breed. This mutant gene is crippling when homozygous.
- "Japanese Bobtail gene": normal or short tail. The wild allele "Jb" is dominant and produces normal length tails. The mutation "jb" is recessive and produces the short tail of the Japanese Bobtail breed.
- "The Manx gene": normal or missing tail. The wild allele "m" is recessive and produces normal length tails. The mutation "M" is dominant and produces the missing tail or shortened tail of the Manx.
- "The polydactyl gene": normal number or extra toes. The wild allele "pd" is recessive and produces the normal number of toes. The mutation "Pd" is dominant and produces extra toes particularly upon the front paws.
- Coat Conformation Genes
Coat Conformation Genes
These genes affects the length and texture of the coat.
- "The Sphinx gene": hairy or hairless coat. The wild allele "Hr" is dominant and produces a normal hairy coat. The mutation "hr" is recessive and produces the hairless coat of the Sphinx breed.
- "The Long Haired gene": short or long coat. The wild allele "L" is dominant and produces the normal short-haired coat. The mutation "l" is recessive and produces the long-haired coat of the Persians Angoras Maine Coons Manx and others.
- "The Cornish Rex gene": straight or curly coat. The wild allele "R" is dominant and produces a normal straight-haired coat. The mutation "r" is recessive and produces the very short curly coat without guard hairs of the Cornish Rex.
- "The Devon Rex gene": straight or curly coat. The wild allele "Re" is dominant and produces a normal straight-haired coat. The mutation "re" is recessive and produces the very short curly coat of the Devon Rex yet also retains the guard hairs in its coat.
- "The Oregon Rex gene": straight or curly coat. The wild allele "Ro" is dominant and produces a normal straight-haired coat. The mutation "ro" is recessive and produces the very short curly coat of the Oregon Rex also without the guard hairs.
- "The American Wirehair gene": soft or bristly coat. The wild allele "wh" is recessive and produces a normal soft straight-haired coat. The mutation "Wh" is dominant and produces the short stiff wiry coat of the American Wirehair.
Color Conformation Genes
These genes determine the color pattern and expression of the coat. The genes fall into three groups; those that control the color; those that control the pattern; and those that control the color expression. Each of these groups contains several differing but interrelated genes.
The Color Gene
The color gene controls the actual color of the coat and comes in three alleles: black dark brown or light brown. This three-level dominance is not at all uncommon.
The black allele "B" is wild dominant and produces a black or black and brown tabby coat depending upon the presence of the agouti gene. Technically the black is an almost-black super-dark brown as true black is theoretically impossible to achieve!
The dark-brown allele "b" is mutant is recessive to black but dominant to light brown and reduces black to dark brown.
The light-brown allele "bl" is mutant and is recessive to both black and dark brown and reduces black to a medium brown.
The Orange-Making Gene
The second of the genes controlling coat color is the orange-making gene which controls the conversion of the coat color into orange and the masking of the agouti gene and comes in 2 alleles: non-orange and orange.
The non-orange allele "o" is wild and allows full expression of the black or brown colors. The orange allele "O" is mutant and converts black or brown to orange and masks the effects of the non-agouti mutation of the agouti gene.
This is one of those genes that is "sex-linked"; that is it is carried on the "X" chromosome of the female; therefore in males there is no homologous pairing and the single orange-making gene stands alone. As a result there is no dominance effect in males; they are either orange or non-orange. If a male possesses the non-orange allele "o" all colors will be expressed. If he possesses the orange allele "O" all colors will be converted to orange. A male has only one orange-making gene.
The Color Density Gene
This is the third and last of the genes controlling the coat color and it controls the uniformity and distribution of the pigment throughout the hair. This gene can be "D" for dense allele; or "d" for dilute allele. The "D" allele is wild dominant and causes pigment to be distributed evenly throughout each hair making the color dark and pure. A dense coat will be black dark brown medium brown or orange. The dilute allele "d" is mutant and recessive and causes the pigment to be separated into microscopic clumps surrounded by translucent non-pigmented areas which will create a blue tan beige or cream coat.
The 8 Cat Colors
All possible expressions of the color orange-making and color-density genes produce the eight basic coat colors: black blue chestnut or chocolate brown lavender or lilac cinnamon fawn red and cream.
The Agouti Gene
This is the gene that controls the pattern of the coat known as "ticking" and comes in two alleles: agouti "A" which is wild dominant and products a banded or "ticked" hair producing in turn a tabby coat; and non-agouti "a" which is mutant recessive and suppresses ticking with in turn will produce a solid-colored coat. This gene only operated upon the color gene in conjunction with the non-orange allele of the orange-making gene and is masked by the orange allele of the orange-making gene.
The Tabby Gene
This is the last of the genes affecting coat pattern and will control whether the coat is solid striped or spotted and comes in three alleles: mackerel or striped tabby "T" Abyssinian or all-agouti-tabby "Ta" and blotched or classic tabby "tb".
The mackerel tabby allele "T" is wild co-dominant with the spotted tabby and Abyssinian alleles and dominant to the classic tabby allele and produces a striped cat with vertical non-agouti stripes on an agouti background. This is the most common of all patterns and is typical grassland camouflage of our domestic cats' wild ancestors.
The spotted tabby is genetically a striped tabby with the stripes broken up by polygene influence. There is no specific "spotted tabby" gene. Do not confuse the spots of our domestic cats with the rosettes of the true spotted cats: entirely different genes are involved.
The Abyssinian allele "Ta" is mutant co-dominant to the mackerel tabby allele and dominant to the classic tabby allele and will produce an all agouti coat without stripes or spots.
The blotched or classic tabby allele "tb" is recessive to both the mackerel tabby and the Abyssinian alleles and will produce irregular non-agouti blotches or "cinnamon-roll" swirls on an agouti background.
References & Recommended Reading 
|
|
 |
|